Meduloblastoma: de la clasificación histológica a la molecular
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Resumen
El meduloblastoma es un tumor frecuente en la población pediátrica, pero es raro en pacientes adultos. Es la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en menores de 15 años. El hallazgo de una lesión tumoral cerebelosa mediana o paramediana que capta el medio de contraste y que a menudo comprime el cuarto ventrículo sugiere la presencia de este tumor. A través del uso de estudios de expresión génica y marcadores moleculares se ha generado una nueva aproximación a la clasificación del meduloblastoma. Así, se ha venido a entender el concepto de meduloblastoma no como una patología sino como un grupo de patologías distintas clínica y molecularmente. La resonancia magnética nuclear espinal y la punción lumbar deben ser realizadas en todos los pacientes como parte de la evaluación de la extensión de la enfermedad, debido a que las leptomeninges espinales son un sitio frecuente de diseminación. El tratamiento implica idealmente la interacción de un grupo interdisciplinario que pueda ofrecer al paciente: cirugía, radioterapia y quimioterapia. El pronóstico depende de variables como edad (menor de tres años), diseminación de la enfermedad, residuo tumoral posquirúrgico, variante histológica de células grandes/anaplásico, y pertenecer al grupo 3 (grupo de amplificacón del MYC).
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