Paro cardiaco de origen traumático: ¿cómo podemos intervenir en el servicio de urgencias?
Barra lateral del artículo
Descargas
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
El trauma sigue siendo una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad mundial. Entre las causas de muerte de estos pacientes cabe destacar el paro cardiaco traumático (PCT). Múltiples autores afirman que, a pesar de los avances médicos, los esfuerzos de resucitación de estos pacientes pueden llevar a malos desenlaces, ya que aquellos que sufren PCT tienen gran mortalidad y pronóstico neurológico poco alentador. Este artículo hace una recopilación de la evidencia disponible, que, a pesar de ser poca, señala los avances recientes en el enfoque y manejo de estos pacientes. Se busca que con esta revisión se logre un consenso sobre el abordaje de los pacientes en paro en el contexto de trauma, basado en la literatura y evidencia más reciente.
Citas
Kleinman ME, Brennan EE, Goldberger ZD, Swor RA, Terry M, Bobrow BJ, et al. Adult basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality. Circulation 2015;132:S414-35.
Soar J, Maconochie I, Wyckoff MH, Olasveengen TM, Singletary EM, Greif R, et al. 2019 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations: summary from the basic life support; advanced life support; pediatric life support; neonatal life support; education, implementation, and teams; and first aid task forces. Circulation 2019;140:e826-80.
Kwon OY. The changes in cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines: from 2000 to the present. J Exerc Rehabil 2019;15:738-46.
Smith JE, Rickard A, Wise D. Traumatic cardiac arrest. J R Soc Med 2015;108:11-6.
Harris T, Masud S, Lamond A, Abu-Habsa M. Traumatic cardiac arrest: a unique approach. Eur J Emerg Med. 2015;22:72-8.
World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates [Internet]. [citado 2020 Nov 18]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/en/
World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2018 [Internet]. [citado 2020 Nov 18]. Disponible en: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/qut/detail.action?docID=5910092
Leis CC, Hernández CC, Blanco MJG, Paterna PCR, Hernández R, Torres EC. Traumatic cardiac arrest: should advanced life support be initiated? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74:634-8.
Konesky KL, Guo WA. Revisiting traumatic cardiac arrest: should CPR be initiated? Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2018;44:903-8.
Deasy C, Bray J, Smith K, Harriss L, Morrison C, Bernard S, et al. Traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia. Resuscitation 2012;83:465-70.
Lockey D, Crewdson K, Davies G. Traumatic cardiac arrest: who are the survivors? Ann Emerg Med 2006;48:240-4.
Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, Bierens JJLM, et al. European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation 2010;81:1400-33.
Evans C, Quinlan DO, Engels PT, Sherbino J. Reanimating patients after traumatic cardiac arrest: a practical approach informed by best evidence. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2018;36:19-40.
Millin MG, Galvagno SM, Khandker SR, Malki A, Bulger EM, Standards and clinical practice committee of the National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP), et al. Withholding and termination of resuscitation of adult cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to trauma: resource document to the joint NAEMSP-ACSCOT position statements. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013;75:459-67.
Kleber C, Giesecke MT, Lindner T, Haas NP, Buschmann CT. Requirement for a structured algorithm in cardiac arrest following major trauma: epidemiology, management errors, and preventability of traumatic deaths in Berlin. Resuscitation 2014;85:405-10.
Lockey DJ, Lyon RM, Davies GE. Development of a simple algorithm to guide the effective management of traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2013;84:738-42.
Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL. Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 1989;29:1430-3.
Brendon Sherren P, Reid C, Habig K, Burns BJ. Algorithm for the resuscitation of traumatic cardiac arrest patients in a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service. Crit Care 2013;17:308.
Angus DC. Oxygen Therapy for the critically Ill. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1054-6.
Durham LA, Richardson RJ, Wall MJ, Pepe PE, Mattox KL. Emergency center thoracotomy: impact of prehospital resuscitation. J Trauma 1992;32:775-9.
Pham T, Brochard LJ, Slutsky AS. Mechanical ventilation: state of the art. Mayo Clin Proc 2017;92:1382-400.
Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Duranteau J, Filipescu D, Hunt BJ, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fifth edition. Crit Care 2019;23:98
Perkins GD, Ji C, Deakin CD, Quinn T, Nolan JP, Scomparin C, et al. A randomized trial of epinephrine in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2018;379:711-21.
Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Jelinek GA, Oxer HF, Thompson PL. Effect of adrenaline on survival in outof-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Resuscitation 2011;82:1138-43.
Ley EJ, Clond MA, Srour MK, Barnajian M, Mirocha J, Margulies DR, et al. Emergency department crystalloid resuscitation of 1.5 L or more is associated with increased mortality in elderly and nonelderly trauma patients. J Trauma 2011;70:398-400.
Stewart, RM, Rotondo MF, Sharon MH. Advanced trauma life support, American College of Surgeons 2018 [Internet]. [citado 2020 Nov 18]. Disponible en: https://viaaerearcp.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/atls-2018.pdf
Bickell WH, Wall MJJ, Pepe PE, Martin RR, Ginger VF, Allen MK, et al. Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1105-9.
Monsieurs KG, Nolan JP, Bossaert LL, Greif R, Maconochie IK, Nikolaou NI, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Resuscitation 2015;95:1-80.
Galvagno SM, Nahmias JT, Young DA. Advanced trauma life support® Update 2019: management and applications for adults and special populations. Anesthesiol Clin 2019;37:13-32.
Bradley MJ, Bonds BW, Chang L, Yang S, Hu P, Li HM, et al. Open chest cardiac massage offers no benefit over closed chest compressions in patients with traumatic cardiac arrest. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016;81:849-54.
Vaidya R, Scott AN, Tonnos F, Hudson I, Martin AJ, Sethi A. Patients with pelvic fractures from blunt trauma: what is the cause of mortality and when? Am J Surg 2016;211:495-500.
Yoshihara H, Yoneoka D. Demographic epidemiology of unstable pelvic fracture in the United States from 2000 to 2009: trends and in-hospital mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014;76:380-5.
Lee C, Porter K. The prehospital management of pelvic fractures. Emerg Med J 2007;24:130-3.
Langford JR, Burgess AR, Liporace FA, Haidukewych GJ. Pelvic fractures: part 1: evaluation, classification, and resuscitation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2013;21:448-57.
Coccolini F, Stahel PF, Ansaloni L. Pelvic trauma: WSES classification and guidelines. World J Emerg Surg 2017;12:5.
Geeraerts T, Chhor V, Cheisson G, Martin L, Bessoud B, Ozanne A, et al. Clinical review: initial management of blunt pelvic trauma patients with haemodynamic instability. Crit Care 2007;12;11:204.
Schellenberg M, Inaba K. Critical decisions in the management of thoracic trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2018;36:135-47.
Roberts I, Shakur H, Coats T, Hunt B, Balogun E, Barnetson L, et al. The CRASH-2 trial: a randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events and transfusion requirement in bleeding trauma patients. Health Technol Assess Winch Engl 2013;17:1-79.
Mollberg NM, Glenn C, John J, Wise SR, Sullivan R, Vafa A, et al. Appropriate use of emergency department thoracotomy: implications for the thoracic surgeon. Ann Thorac Surg 2011;92:455-61.
Moore EE, Knudson MM, Burlew CC, Inaba K, Dicker RA, Biffl WL, et al. Defining the limits of resuscitative emergency department thoracotomy: a contemporary Western Trauma Association perspective. J Trauma 2011;70:334-9.