Reconstrucción del Estado de posguerra: Irak después de ISIS como estudio de caso
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La turbulencia política, el vacío de poder y los desafíos de seguridad que surgieron en Irak posterior a ISIS modificaron la estructura de poder del estado. El aparato de seguridad y las instituciones militares iraquíes por poco colapsan en 2014 y no pudieron resistir los desafíos que tuvieron que enfrentar desde ISIS. De manera simultánea, el gran clérigo chiita Sistani emitió una fatwa, llamó a los chiitas a las armas y luchó por su supervivencia. En esta situación desordenada, un número cada vez mayor de grupos armados respaldados por Irán han comenzado a manejar los desafíos de seguridad, la mayoría de los cuales operan de forma independiente por fuera de las agencias de seguridad nacional de Irak. El grupo más importante fue el de las Fuerzas de Movilización Popular (FMP), de la comunidad chiita iraquí. Las FMP se enredan gradualmente en los asuntos financieros y el sistema político de Irak y ejercen una tremenda influencia. Hay dos tipos de milicias relevantes en Irak: las milicias paramilitares Al-Atabat al-Muqadasa (MPAA) y las milicias leales (ML). En mayo de 2021, cuatro divisiones de MPAA decidieron integrarse al ejército iraquí, mientras que las ML cuentan con casi 70 divisiones diferentes y no se han integrado a las instituciones del gobierno. En este artículo, exploramos la posibilidad de implementar el modelo DDR para sociedades de posguerra como la iraquí y los obstáculos que enfrentaron. La integración de estos grupos armados se convirtió en una tarea complicada para el estado de Irak Post-ISIS. En primer lugar, examinamos la historia del proceso de construcción del Estado. Luego, desarrollamos un marco conceptual para el artículo. En tercer lugar, identificamos los factores que dan forma a los resultados de DDR, definimos el papel de las Fuerzas de Movilización Popular (FMP) y analizamos cómo sus actividades se convirtieron en un obstáculo para reconstruir el estado iraquí en la era posterior a ISIS.
Citas
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