Helicobacter pylori: novelties, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance in Colombia

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Published: 2022-03-16
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18566/medupb.v41n1.a07

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Villalba Montero, L. F. ., Pantoja Espinosa, A. L., Garcíadel Risco, F. L., Paternina Ricardo, S. V., & Arroyo Salgado, B. J. (2022). Helicobacter pylori: novelties, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance in Colombia. Medicina UPB, 41(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.18566/medupb.v41n1.a07
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Luisa Fernanda Villalba Montero
University of Cartagena image/svg+xml
Angélica Lucía Pantoja Espinosa
University of Cartagena image/svg+xml
Fernando Luis Garcíadel Risco
University of Cartagena image/svg+xml
Saray Vanessa Paternina Ricardo
University of Cartagena image/svg+xml
Bárbara Julia Arroyo Salgado
University of Cartagena image/svg+xml

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori is recognized as a class I carcinogen resistant to multiple antibiotics and with high priority in public health. The infection caused by this microorganism is influenced by a complex interaction between host genetics, environment, and multiple virulence factors of the infecting strain. It affects 50% of the world population, causing severe gastroduodenal conditions, most of them asymptomatic. Through time, 20% of individuals with H. pylori may develop preneoplastic gastric lesions and 2% of them develop gastric cancer. The gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal clinical manifestations are associated with its virulence and the response of the immune system with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-8, which cause acute and chronic inflammation. Multiple virulence factors have been studied, such as cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), which play an important role in the development of gastric cancer. Due to the increasing antibiotics resistance, the research in the immediate future should be aimed at establishing the usefulness of the new antibiotics and the determination of Colombian prophages throughout the country. This paper aims to update the characteristics of H. pylori, its pathogenic mechanisms, virulence genes, its association with the increased risk of gastric cancer, microbial drug resistance, and eradication.

Keywords:
Helicobacter pylori, virulence factors, microbial drug resistance, stomach neoplasms

Article Details

Author Biographies

Luisa Fernanda Villalba Montero, University of Cartagena

Biomedical, Toxicology and Environmental Sciences Research Group (BIOTOXAM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.

Angélica Lucía Pantoja Espinosa, University of Cartagena

Biomedical, Toxicology and Environmental Sciences Research Group (BIOTOXAM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.

Fernando Luis Garcíadel Risco, University of Cartagena

University cartagena. Cartagena Colombia.

Saray Vanessa Paternina Ricardo, University of Cartagena

Biomedical, Toxicology and Environmental Sciences Research Group (BIOTOXAM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.

Bárbara Julia Arroyo Salgado, University of Cartagena

Biomedical, Toxicology and Environmental Sciences Research Group (BIOTOXAM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.

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