Propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de apoyo social percibido en familiares de usuarios de sustancias adictivas Psychometric properties of the perceived social support questionnaire for relatives of substance users

Contenido principal del artículo

Alejandro López Tello
Guillermina Natera Rey
Marcela Tiburcio Sainz
Raquel Mondragón Gómez

Resumen

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de un cuestionario de apoyo social percibido en familiares de usuarios de sustancias adictivas en México. Se realizó una investigación con diseño ex post facto en la que participaron 76 familiares de usuarios de sustancias adictivas de la Ciudad de México. Los resultados arrojaron adecuados índices de consistencia interna (ω = .83), se obtuvo una estructura de tres factores llamados apoyo negativo percibido (ω =.92), apoyo positivo percibido (ω = .89) y apoyo formal (ω = .82), la varianza total explicada fue de 56,5 %. Los puntajes de la escala mostraron una correlación positiva con los puntajes del cuestionario de impacto familiar del consumo de drogas. Se concluye que el instrumento evaluado es adecuado para medir el apoyo social percibido en población de la Ciudad de México.
Palabras clave:
Apoyo social percibido, propiedades psicométricas, consumo de sustancias, familia

Referencias

Barra, E. (2004). Apoyo social, estrés y salud. Psicología y Salud, 14(2), 237-243. https://psicologiaysalud.uv.mx/index.php/psicysalud/article/view/848/1562

Barra, E. (2003). Psicología de la salud. Editorial Mediterráneo. Casanova-Rodas, L., Rascón-Gasca, M. L., Alcántara-Chabelas, H. y Soriano-Rodríguez, A. (2014). Apoyo social y funcionalidad familiar en personas con trastorno mental. Salud Mental, 37(5), 443–448. https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2014.052

Casswell, S., Harding, J. F., You, R. Q. y Huckle, T. (2011). Alcohol’s harm to others: self-reports from a representative sample of New Zealanders. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 124(1336), 75-84. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21946747/

Chernomas, W. M., Clarke, D. E. y Marchinko, S. (2008). Relationship-based support for women living with serious mental illness. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 29(5), 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840801981108

Copello, A., Templeton, L. y Powell, J. (2010). The impact of addiction on the family: Estimates of prevalence and costs. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 17(sup1), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2010.514798

Cruz-Cruz, C., Bustos-Gamiño, M., Villatoro-Velázquez, J., Henson, R. M., Prado-Galbarro, F. J., Sanchez-Piedra, C., López-Pérez, L., Gutiérrez-López, M. L., Amador-Buenabad, N. y Astudillo-García, C. I. (2024). Associated factors to non-medical and medical use of psychoactive medication among Mexican adolescents and adults in a national household survey. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association JAPhA, 64(4), 102056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2024.102056

Di Sarno, M., De Candia, V., Rancati, F., Madeddu, F., Calati, R. y Di Pierro, R. (2021). Mental and physical health in family members of substance users: A scoping review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 219, 108439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108439

Guntzviller, L. M., Williamson, L. D. y Ratcliff, C. L. (2020). Stress, social support, and mental health among young adult hispanics. Family and Community Health, 43(1), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0000000000000224

Haa, N. T., Dauda, A. I., Dadem, P. P., Hannah, E. y Nyong, U. E. (2024). Family and Stigmatization: Coping Experience of Persons with Substance Use Disorders in North Central Nigeria. European Journal of Medical and Health Research, 2(1), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejmhr.2024.2(1).14

Hambleton, R. K., Merenda, P. F. y Spielberger, C. D. (2005). Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hellum, R., Bilberg, R. y Nielsen, A. S. (2022). “He is lovely and awful”: The challenges of being close to an individual with alcohol problems. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 39(1), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/14550725211044861

IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 25.0). IBM Corp.

International Union of Psychological Science (IUPSYS). (2008). Universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists. https://www.iupsys.net/about/declarations/universal-declaration-of-ethical-principles-for-psychologists/

JASP Team (2024). JASP (Version 0.19.0) [Computer software].

Johannessen, A., Helvik, A. S., Tevik, K., Tjelta, T. y Thorsen, K. (2024). The elephant in the room: Metaphors in women’s accounts of life with a family member with problematic substance use. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 41(3), 346-363. https://doi.org/10.1177/14550725241230744

Katir, I. y Omari, F. E. L. (2024). Examining the experiences of affected family members in Morocco: A descriptive study of 64 cases. SAS Journal of Medicine, 10(2), 120-126. https://www.saspublishers.com/media/articles/SASJM_102_120-126.pdf

Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F. y Glaser, R. (2002). Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: new perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 83–107. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135217

Laslett, A. M., Room, R., Ferris, J., Wilkinson, C., Livingston, M. y Mugavin, J. (2011). Surveying therange and magnitude of alcohol’s harm to others in Australia. Addiction, 106(9), 1603-1611. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03445.x

Laslett, A. M., Room, R., Waleewong, O., Stanesby, O., Callinan, S. y World Health Organization. (2019). Harm to others from drinking: Patterns in nine societies. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/harm-to-others-from-drinking-patterns-in-nine-societies

López, A., Natera, G., Tiburcio, M. y Mondragón, R. (2023). Análisis exploratorio del Cuestionario de Impacto Familiar del Consumo de Sustancias Adictivas en México. Informes Psicológicos, 23(1), 239–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.18566/infpsic.v23n1a15

Mardani, M., Alipour, F., Rafiey, H., Fallahi-Khoshknab, M. y Arshi, M. (2023). Challenges in addiction-affected families: a systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC psychiatry, 23(1), 439. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04927-1

McCann, T. V., Polacsek, M. y Lubman, D. I. (2019). Experiences of family members supporting a relative with substance use problems: A qualitative study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 33(4), 902–911. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12688

McCann, T. V. y Lubman, D. I. (2018). Adaptive coping strategies of affected family members of a relative with substance misuse: A qualitative study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(1), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13405

McDonagh, D., Connolly, N. y Devaney, C. (2019). “Bury Don’t Discuss”: The Help-Seeking Behaviour of Family Members Affected by Substance-use Disorders. Child Care in Practice, 25(2), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2018.1448258

Medina-Mora, M. E., Genis-Mendoza, A. D., Villatoro Velázquez, J. A., Bustos-Gamiño, M., Bautista, C. F., Camarena, B., Martínez-Magaña, J. J. y Nicolini, H. (2023). The prevalence of symptomatology and risk factors in mental health in Mexico: The 2016-17 ENCODAT Cohort. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043109

Mokwena, K. y Madiga, M. (2023). Prevalence and severity of anxiety symptoms among family members of nyaope users in Tshwane, South Africa. Health SA Gesondheid, 28, 8. https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v28i0.2083

Morales, G. (2013). Apoyo social en esposas de consumidores excesivos de alcohol en una comunidad indígena [Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma de México]. https://ru.dgb.unam.mx/bitstream/20.500.14330/TES01000697899/3/0697899.pdf

Natera, G. y Tiburcio, M. (2007). Tailoring an intervention model to help indigenous families cope with excessive drinking in Central Mexico. Salud Mental, 30(6), 32-42. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/582/58230605.pdf

Natera, G., Mora, J. y Tiburcio, M. (1999). Barreras en la búsqueda de apoyo social para las familias con un problema de adicciones. Salud Mental, 22, 114-120. https://revistasaludmental.gob.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/792

Natera, G., Orford, J., Copello, A., Mora, J., Tiburcio, M. y Velleman, R. (2003). La cohesión y el conflicto en familias que enfrentan el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas, una comparación transcultural México-Gran Bretaña. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, (9), 7-16. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/798/79800901.pdf

Nunnally, J. C. y Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Orford, J., Natera, G., Copello, A., Atkinson, C., Mora, J., Velleman, R., Crundall, I., Tiburcio, M., Templeton, L. y Walley, G. (2013). Coping with alcohol and drug problems: The experiences of family members in three contrasting cultures. Routledge.

Orford, J., Natera, G., Davies, J., Nava, A., Mora, J., Rigby, K., Bradbury, C., Copello, A. y Velleman, R. (1998). Social Support in Coping with Alcohol and Drug Problems at Home: Findings from Mexican and English Families. Addiction Research, 6(5), 395–420. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359809026059

Orford, J., Velleman, R., Copello, A., Templeton, L. e Ibanga, A. (2010). The experiences of affected family members: A summary of two decades of qualitative research. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 17(sup1), 44-62. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09687637.2010.514192

Orford, J., Velleman, R., Natera, G., Templeton, L. y Copello, A. (2013). Addiction in the family is a major but neglected contributor to the global burden of adult ill-health. Social Science y Medicine, 78, 70-77. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953612007988

Ring, D. (2021). Mental and Social Health Are Inseparable from Physical Health. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 103(11), 951–952. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.21.00121

Sanches, L. R., Santos, T. G. C., Gomes, T. B. y Vecchia, M. D. (2018). Meanings of family support in the treatment of drug dependence. Paidéia, 28, e2824. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e2824

Subekti, H., Agus Wilopo, S. y Rahmat, I. (2021). Stress Adaptation Among Family of Adolescent with Substance Use Disorders: Systematic Literature Review. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(F), 335–341. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6512

Templeton, L. y Velleman, R. (2017). Families living with and bereaved by substance use. Families Bereaved by Alcohol or Drugs, 17-42. Routledge.

Tiburcio, M. y Natera, G. (2003). Evaluación de un modelo de intervención breve para familiares de usuarios de alcohol y drogas. Un estudio piloto. Salud Mental, 26(5), 33-42. https://revistasaludmental.gob.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/967

Toner, P. y Velleman, P. (2014). Initial reliability and validity of a new measure of perceived social support for family members of problem substance users. Addiction Research y Theory, 22(2), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2013.779675

Uchino, B., Cacioppo, J. y Kiecolt-Glaser, J. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119(3), 488-531. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8668748/

Vega, C. (2015). Papel de trabajo, Aspectos epistemológicos de la estimación estadística de modelos: Investigación Ex-post-Facto. Procesos Estocaticos del IMYCA, 1-8. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cristobal-Vega-2/publication/275100869_Working_Paper_Epistemological_aspects_of_statistical_estimation_models_Ex_post_facto_Research/links/55332af90cf27acb0dedb600/Working-Paper-Epistemological-aspects-of-statistical-estimation-models-Ex-post-facto-Research.pdf

Vega, O. M. y González, D.S. (2009). Apoyo social: Elemento clave en el afrontamiento de la enfermedad crónica. Enfermería Global, 8(2), 1-11. https://revistas.um.es/eglobal/article/view/66351

Velleman, R. (1993). Living with a problem drinking parent. Childright, the magazine of the Children’s Legal Centre, 99, 11-14. https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/living-with-a-problem-drinking-parent

Villatoro-Velázquez, J. A., Resendiz-Escobar, E., Mujica-Salazar, A., Bretón-Cirett, M., Cañas Martínez, V., Soto-Hernández, I. y Mendoza-Alvarado, L. (2017). Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco 2016-2017. Comisión Nacional contra las Adicciones de México.

https://www.gob.mx/salud%7Cconadic/acciones-y-programas/encuesta-nacional-de-consumo-de-drogas-alcohol-y-tabaco-encodat-2016-2017-136758

Wang, J., Mann, F., Lloyd-Evans, B., Ma, R. y Johnson, S. (2018). Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 18(156), 1-16. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/S12888-018-1736-5

World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053

Yurdugül, H. (2008). Minimum sample size for Cronbach’s coefficient alpha: A Monte-Carlo study. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(35), 1-9. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/87597