Tendencias de la investigación sobre síntomas de trastornos mentales durante la pandemia por COVID-19
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Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de la tendencia de investigación sobre síntomas de trastornos mentales durante la pandemia por COVID-19.
Métodos: Se recuperaron artículos publicados entre el 31 de diciembre 2019 y el 3 de mayo 2020, en Pubmed, SCOPUS, EBSCO, PsycINFO, Science Direct, Redalyc y Web of Science, seleccionando, conforme a la metodología PRISMA, un total de 16 artículos, al descartarse duplicados o estudios no empíricos.
Resultados: La mayoría se realizaron en China, el tamaño de la muestra osciló entre 20 y 7236 participantes, en su mayoría adolescentes y adultos, entre 12 a 80 años, con muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. La tendencia de los síntomas y trastornos más estudiados fueron ansiedad (28%), depresión (23%), estrés (15.3%), trastorno del sueño-vigilia (9.6%) y trastorno por estrés postraumático (5.7%), asociados con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, bajo rendimiento académico, pérdida de trabajo, calidad del sueño, bajo autocuidado y baja percepción del estado de salud durante la pandemia.
Conclusiones: Los síntomas y trastornos de ansiedad, depresión y estrés son los más frecuentes. Algunas limitaciones son la ausencia de medición previa a la pandemia o cuarentena y el uso de muestreo no aleatorio, para hacer generalización de resultados. Es necesario formular investigaciones de intervención para mitigar el impacto psicológico. Los sistemas de salud deben ofrecer programas de prevención y de promoción de la salud, que consideren factores psicosociales dirigidos a la población general, pacientes y personal sanitario, para disminuir la prevalencia de estas dificultades, en particular, para Iberoamérica, en donde es escasa la producción científica al respecto.
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