Conceptos esenciales de la EPOC, prevalencia e impacto en América Latina
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La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es un proceso frecuente, prevenible y tratable. Se caracteriza por la limitación del flujo aéreo progresiva y parcialmente reversible que puede o no estar acompañada de síntomas, exacerbaciones y comorbilidades; su tratamiento implica tomar medidas farmacológicas y no farmacológicas, busca aliviar síntomas y retrasar la progresión y prevenir las exacerbaciones, estas últimas, en su mayoría, de origen infeccioso, deterioran la calidad de vida, la función pulmonar y aumentan la mortalidad y los costos. Constituye un problema mayor de salud pública y una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad cuya carga se extiende más allá de los pacientes, es también una de las principales causas de años de vida ajustados a discapacidad. Se calcula que 80 millones de personas en el mundo padecen formas moderadas y severas y más de tres millones de personas murieron por la misma en 2005. Las exacerbaciones son especialmente significativas pues deterioran el pronóstico del paciente y su calidad de vida de manera proporcional a la severidad de la exacerbación tanto a corto como a largo plazo, pues se asocian con un más acelerado deterioro de la función pulmonar y con una recuperación más retardada e interrumpida, y, aumentan la necesidad de consultas no programadas y hospitalizaciones y con ello los costos. En EE.UU se proyecta que los costos totales por EPOC para 2010 fueron de 49.9 billones de dólares, en Colombia se ha estimado un costo promedio por exacerbación de 98 dólares que pueden ascender a casi 700 dólares en las hospitalizaciones.
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