Mecanismo e desenho de vacinas para sars-cov-2, revisão narrativa
Barra lateral de artigos
Como Citar
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.displayStats.downloads##
Societal impact
Conteúdo do artigo principal
Resumo
A infecção pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, conhecido como COVID-19, tem causado elevada morbidade e mortalidade no mundo. Depois de ter decifrado o código genético do virus e de ter realizado um grande trabalho de investigação na criação de vacinas, com diversas estratégias de ação, a morbilidade e a mortalidade foram reduzidas. Foi necessário acelerar o processo de produção de vacinas, facilitado por conhecimentos científicos avançados no domínio da genética e da virologia, para proporcionar à espécie humana uma proteção eficaz e segura contra a infecção agressiva e progressiva. As vacinas são classificadas de acordo com seu mecanismo de ação, existem vacinas baseadas em vetores virais que não se replicam, vacinas recombinantes, outras baseadas em virus atenuados e vírus inativos, e (a grande novidade da ciência atual) vacinas baseadas em RNA mensageiro e ADN. Estas últimas demonstraram grande eficácia e segurança na prevenção da infecção por SARS-CoV-2, mas também tiveram um forte impacto, razão pela qual reduziram a infecção e a mortalidade na população. Consequentemente, a cada dia que passa desde o início do período global de vacinação, fica evidente uma redução na curva de contágio e mortalidade por COVID-19.
Detalhes do artigo
Referências
Moura M, Marçal G, Garcia S, Mendonça M. DNA vaccines against COVID-19: Perspectives and challenges. Life Sci. 2021;267:118919.
Marian AJ. Current state of vaccine development and targeted therapies for COVID-19: impact of basic science discoveries. Cardiovascular Pathology. 2021;50:107278.
Boehm E, Kronig I, Neher RA, Eckerle I, Vetter P, Kaiser L. Novel SARS-CoV-2 variants: The pandemics within the pandemic. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(8):1109-1117.
Ong SWX, Chiew CJ, Ang LW, Mak TM, Cui L, Toh MPH, et al. Clinical and virological features of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: A retrospective cohort study comparing B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.315 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta). SSRN Electronic Journal. 2021;2:e1128–36.
Imai M, Halfmann PJ, Yamayoshi S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Chiba S, Watanabe T, et al. Characterization of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant that emerged in Brazil. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118(27):1-9.
da Silva JC, Félix VB, Leão SABF, Trindade-Filho EM, Scorza FA. New Brazilian variant of the SARS-CoV-2 (P1/Gamma) of COVID-19 in Alagoas state. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2021;25(3):101588.
Sun C, Xie C, Bu GL, Zhong LY, Zeng MS. Molecular characteristics, immune evasion, and impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):202.
Rawat K, Kumari P, Saha L. COVID-19 vaccine: A recent update in pipeline vaccines, their design and development strategies. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021;892:173751.
Raman R, Patel KJ, Ranjan K. COVID-19: Unmasking emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines and therapeutic strategies. Biomolecules. 2021;11(7):993.
Sharma O, Sultan AA, Ding H, Triggle CR. A review of the progress and challenges of developing a vaccine for COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1–17.
Izda V, Jeffries MA, Sawalha AH. COVID-19: A review of therapeutic strategies and vaccine candidates. Clinical Immunology. 2021;222:108634.
Ramasamy MN, Minassian AM, Ewer KJ, Flaxman AL, Folegatti PM, Owens DR, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): A single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet. 2020;396(10267):1979–93.
Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, Weckx LY, Folegatti PM, Aley PK, et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: An interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet. 2021;397(10269):99–111.
Scully M, Singh D, Lown R, Poles A, Solomon T, Levi M, et al. Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. New Eng J Med. 2021;384(23):2202–11.
Sharifian-dorche M, Bahmanyar M, Sharifian-dorche A. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis post COVID-19 vaccination; a systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 2021;428:117607.
Emary KRW, Golubchik T, Aley PK, Ariani C, Angus B, Bibi S, et al. Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): An exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10282):1351–62.
Madhi SA, Baillie V, Cutland CL, Voysey M, Koen AL, Fairlie L, et al. Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant. N Eng J Med. 2021;384(20):1885–98.
Borobia A, Carcas A, Perez-Olmeda M, Bertran M, Garcia-Perez J, Campins M, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 booster in ChAdOx1-S-primed participants (CombiVacS): A multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, pase 2 trial. Lancet. 2021;398:121–30.
Liu X, Shaw RH, Stuart A, Greenland M, Aley P, Andrews N, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Com-COV): A single-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2021;398:856–69.
Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A, Cárdenas V, Shukarev G, Grinsztejn B, et al. Safety and efficacyof single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against Covid-19. N Eng J Med. 2021;384(23):2187–201.
Alter G, Yu J, Liu J, Chandrashekar A, Borducchi EN, Tostanoski LH, et al. Immunogenicity of
Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans. Nature. 2021;596(7871):268–72.
Bucci E, Andreev K, Björkman A, Calogero RA, Carafoli E, Carninci P, et al. Safety and efficacy of the Russian COVID-19 vaccine: More information needed. Lancet. 2020;396(10256):e53.
Cazzola M, Rogliani P, Mazzeo F, Gabriella M. Controversy surrounding the Sputnik V vaccine. Respir Med. 2021;187:106569.
Logunov D, Dolzhikova I, Shcheblyakov D, Tukhvatulin A, Zubkova O, Dzharullaeva A, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: An interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet. 2021;397:671–81.
Gushchin VA, Dolzhikova I, Shchetinin AM, Odintsova AS, Siniavin AE, Nikiforova MA, et al. Neutralizing activity of sera from Sputnik V-vaccinated People against variants of concern (VOC: B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.617.3) and Moscow endemic SARS-CoV-2 variants. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(7):779.
Heath PT, Galiza EP, Baxter DN, Boffito M, Browne D, Burns F, et al. Safety and efficacy of NVXCoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine. N Eng J Med. 2021;385:1172–83.
Park JW, Lagniton PNP, Liu Y, Xu RH. mRNA vaccines for covid-19: What, why and how. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(6):1446–60.
Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;1–13.
Kow CS, Hasan SS. Real-world effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: A meta-analysis of large observational studies. Inflammopharmacology. 2021;29(4):1075–90.
Frenck RW, Klein NP, Kitchin N, Gurtman A, Absalon J, Lockhart S, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 vaccine in adolescents. N Eng J Med. 2021;385(3):239–50.
Thomas SJ, Moreira ED, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine through 6 months. N Eng J Med. 2021;383(27):2603–15.
Singh B, Kaur P, Kumar V, Maroules M. COVID-19 vaccine induced axillary and pectoral lymphadenopathy on PET scan. Radiol Case Rep. 2021;16(7):1819–21.
Cabanillas B, Novak N. Allergy to COVID-19 vaccines: A current update. Allergology International. 2021;70:313–8.
Abu S, Roguin A, Hellou E, Ishai A, Shoshan U, Mahamid L. Myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Vaccine. 2021;39:3790–3.
Larson KF, Ammirati E, Adler ED, Cooper LT, Hong KN, Saponara G, et al. Myocarditis after BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccination. Circulation. 2021;144:506–8.
Kim IC, Kim H, Lee HJ, Kim JY, Kim JY. Cardiac imaging of acute myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. J Korean Med Sci. 2021;36(32):1–6.
Lee YW, Lim SY, Lee JH, Lim JS, Kim M, Kwon S, et al. Adverse reactions of the second doce of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in healthcare workers in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2021;36(21):1–6.
Bar-On YM, Goldberg Y, Mandel M, Bodenheimer O, Freedman L, Kalkstein N, et al. Protection of BNT162b2 vaccine booster against Covid-19 in Israel. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1393–400.
Baden LR, el Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Eng J Med. 2021;384(5):403–16.
Ali K, Berman G, Zhou H, Deng W, Faughnan V, Coronado-Voges M, et al. Evaluation of mRNA- 1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adolescents. N Eng J Med. 2021;1–11.
el Sahly HM, Baden LR, Essink B, Doblecki-Lewis S, Martin JM, Anderson EJ, et al. Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at completion of blinded phase. N Engl J Med. 2021;1–12.
Kadali RAK, Janagama R, Peruru S, Gajula V, Madathala RR, Chennaiahgari N, et al. Nonlife- threatening adverse effects with COVID-19 mRNA-1273 vaccine: A randomized, crosssectional study on healthcare workers with detailed self-reported symptoms. J Med Virol. 2021;93(7):4420–9.
Kong J, Cuevas-Castillo F, Nassar M, Lei CM, Idrees Z, Fix WC, et al. Bullous drug eruption after second dose of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccine: Case report. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2021;14(10):19–21.
Malayala S, Mohan G, Vasireddy D, Atluri P. Purpuric rash and thrombocytopenia after the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 Vaccine. Cureus. 2021;1273:3–6.
Shimabukuro T. Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis after receipt of the first dose of Moderna COVID-19 vaccine —United States, December 21, 2020–January 10, 2021. American Journal of Transplantation. 2021;21(3):1326–31.
Torrealba-Acosta G, Martin JC, Huttenbach Y, Garcia CR, Sohail MR, Agarwal SK, et al. Acute encephalitis, myoclonus and Sweet syndrome after mRNA-1273 vaccine. BMJ. 2021;14(7):1–5.
Noori M, Nejadghaderi SA, Arshi S, Carson-Chahhoud K, Ansarin K, Kolahi AA, et al. Potency of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 variants of concern: A systematic review of in vitro studies. Rev Med Virol. 2021;32(2):e2277.
Kaur SP, Gupta V. COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report. Virus Res. 2020;288:198114.
Zhang Y, Zeng G, Pan H, Li C, Hu Y, Chu K, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: A randomised, double-blind,
placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(2):181-192.
Tanriover MD, Doğanay HL, Akova M, Güner HR, Azap A, Akhan S, et al. Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): Interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey. Lancet. 2021;398(10296):213-222.
Wu Z, Hu Y, Xu M, Chen Z, Yang W, Jiang Z, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy adults aged 60 years and older: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(6):803-812.
Han B, Song Y, Li C, Yang W, Ma Q, Jiang Z, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy children and adolescents: A doubleblind, randomised, controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(12):1645-1653.
Haas EJ, Angulo FJ, McLaughlin JM, Anis E, Singer SR, Khan F, et al. Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: An observational study using national surveillance data. Lancet. 2021;397(10287):1819-1829.
Butt AA, Yan P, Shaikh OS, Mayr FB. Outcomes among patients with breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in a high-risk national population. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;40:101117.
Butt AA, Nafady-Hego H, Chemaitelly H, Abou-Samra AB, Khal A, Coyle P, et al. Outcomes among patients with breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2021;110:353–8.
Thompson MG, Burgess JL, Naleway AL, Tyner H, Yoon SK, Meece J, et al. Prevention and attenuation of Covid-19 with the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines. N Eng J Med. 2021;385(4):320–9.
Butt AA, Omer SB, Yan P, Shaikh OS, Mayr FB. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in a high-risk national population in a real-world setting. Ann Intern Med. 2021;1–6.
Nanduri S, Pilishvili T, Derado G, Soe MM, Dollard P, Wu H, et al. Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among nursing home residents before and during widespread circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant—National Healthcare Safety Network, March 1–August. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(34):1163–6.
Chi WY, Li YD, Huang HC, Chan TEH, Chow SY, Su JH, et al. COVID-19 vaccine update: Vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, boosters, adverse effects, and immune correlates of protection. J Biomed Sci. 2022 Oct 15;29(1):82.