Estimulación magnética transcraneal para el dolor neuropático de origen oncológico y no oncológico: una revisión sistemática
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Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la terapia de estimulación magnética transcraneal repetitiva (EMTr) en el tratamiento del dolor neuropático de origen oncológico y no oncológico, puesto que la EMTr es una alternativa innovadora para el manejo del dolor neuropático y es una técnica de estimulación cerebral no invasiva que induce corrientes eléctricas en el tejido nervioso de la corteza.
Métodos: la búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, SCOPUS y LILACS. Los criterios de inclusión fueron 1) población: hombres y mujeres entre 18 y 85 años, con dolor neuropático oncológico y no oncológico; 2) intervención: tratado con estimulación magnética transcraneal; 3) comparación: grupos de control inactivos e intervenciones activas paralelas; y 4) resultado: el resultado primario fue la modulación del dolor. Los resultados secundarios fueron la calidad de vida y los efectos adversos. También se evaluaron el riesgo de sesgo y la calidad de la evidencia.
Resultados: la búsqueda arrojó 1116 artículos, de los cuales 21 cumplieron los criterios PICO. 12 estudios controlados aleatorizados (ECAS) y 9 estudios observacionales. La muestra total fue de 911 pacientes, el número de sesiones varía desde una única sesión hasta 15 sesiones, con una media de 3.5 sesiones. El seguimiento se realizó entre el día 7 y los 311.8 días, con un promedio de 45 días. La reducción del dolor fue reportada en los 21 estudios.
Conclusión: la EMTr puede ser una opción terapéutica eficaz para tratar el dolor neuropático oncológico y no oncológico. Se encontró evidencia de calidad moderada para la modulación del dolor; para la calidad de vida los resultados son inciertos al momento de determinar cambios, debido a que la evidencia es muy baja. Se necesitan esfuerzos de investigación adicionales para reducir el sesgo y mejorar la calidad de los estudios.
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