Etiopatogenia de las drogodependencias: una síntesis explicativa desde una perspectiva epigenética
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El consumo de sustancias con potencial adictivo es un problema relevante de salud. La evidencia científica sugiere que los mecanismos subyacentes que regulan los procesos comportamentales en las adicciones involucran un complejo interjuego entre factores genéticos y ambientales. Por lo tanto, esta revisión narrativa tiene como objetivo aportar un marco de referencia que permita sintetizar la evidencia sobre interacciones genes- ambiente-agente desde la perspectiva de la historia natural de la enfermedad y los estadios del proceso adictivo para: alcohol, nicotina, cannabis, psicoestimulantes y opioides. En esta revisión realizamos una búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura sin límites de tiempo en PubMed, Ebsco, Lilacs y SciELO, revisando el título y el resumen se seleccionaron artículos originales en humanos o animales que abordaran la etiología de las adiciones según el enfoque metodológico de interacción entre genes y ambiente (G-A), incluyendo artículos en español, inglés y portugués. Los estudios genéticos han revelado el papel crítico de los modificadores epigenéticos (acetilación de las histonas) en mantener la homeóstasis cerebral en condiciones patológicas y enfocarse en las interacciones G-A también permitirá caracterizar subgrupos (basados en los factoresambientales) de alto riesgo para conductas adictivas que pueden ser objeto de intervenciones específicas, por lo que, las estrategias de tratamiento deben englobar una combinación de intervenciones psicosociales con terapia génica que involucren las manipulaciones farmacológicas de las histonas que pueden contribuir a diseñar mejores terapias y tal vez conducir a un manejo más exitoso de las drogodependencias.
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