Ejercicio físico estrategia no farmacológica para atención domiciliaria de los adultos mayores. Artículo de revisión
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La implementación de programas de ejercicio físico domiciliario es una estrategia no farmacológica importante para la atención en salud de los ancianos. Conocer las técnicas utilizadas para su desarrollo, permite diseñar programas con fundamentación científica. El propósito de este artículo de revisión fue identificar las estrategias metodológicas actuales en el desarrollo de programas de ejercicio físico como terapia complementaria no farmacológica para la atención domiciliaria de salud de adultos mayores. El análisis de la información documental permitió establecer líneas de fuerza en los artículos recabados, lo cual facilitó su organización según similitudes cronológicas, geográficas y metodológicas. Se identificaron 3 tipos de estrategias metodológicas: el trabajo independiente asistido tecnológicamente, independiente sin asistencia e independiente combinado con acompañamiento presencial. Es evidente que, durante los últimos años los programas de ejercicio físico domiciliario han evolucionado desde el control y asistencia presencial, a una mediación tecnológica sincrónica y asincrónica, en la que se resalta el posicionamiento de la mediación tecnológica como principal estrategia para la atención domiciliaria. Los medios tecnológicos más utilizados son aquellos que involucran comunicación audiovisual, como el uso de la web, el desarrollo de aplicaciones, comunicación telefónica y la implementación de equipos de monitoreo y seguimiento. Los programas de actividad física domiciliaria con población adulta mayor tienen un impacto positivo en la salud, y son múltiples las posibilidades metodológicas y su aplicabilidad en diversas patologías.
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