El ciber-rumor y cybergossip en Colombia: una reflexión desde la ciberpsicología y las ciencias sociales computacionales

Contenido principal del artículo

Harvey Mauricio Herrera López
Eva María Romera Félix
Rosario Ortega Ruiz

Resumen

Recientes estudios sugieren que el aumento del uso de las TIC y en especial de redes sociales parece estar relacionado con un mayor riesgo de exposición a fenómenos de intimidación en el ciberespacio. El ciber-rumor y el cybergossip son algunos de estos riesgos de gran relevancia en el estudio de la ciberconducta, pues modulan los procesos emocionales y actitudinales que pueden afectar negativamente al bienestar psicológico, así como al contexto social inmediato. Este documento presenta una revisión y reflexión general sobre el avance en el cuerpo teórico del cybergossip, delimita el constructo en comparación con el ciber-rumor y el cyberbullying, presenta un estudio realizado en Colombia desde una perspectiva cross-cultural y ofrece posibles líneas de trabajo futuras desde las ciencias sociales computacionales. Las conclusiones son útiles para los diversos estudios que abordan el estudio de la ciberconducta, particularmente desde la multidisciplinariedad y las ciencias sociales computacionales.

Palabras clave:
Cybergossip ciber-rumor cyberbullying redes sociales Colombia

Citas

Ankeny, R., & Leonelli, S. (2016). Repertoires: A post-Kuhnian perspective on scientific change and collaborative research. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 60, 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2016.08.003

Apolloni, B., Malchiodi, D., & Taylor, J. G. (2013). Learning by gossip: a principled information exchange model in social networks. Cognitive Computation, 5, 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-013-9211-6

Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: a meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8, 291-322. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291

Archer, J., & Coyne, S. M. (2005). An integrated review of indirect, relational, and social aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 212-230. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_2

Areepattamannil, S., & Khine, M. S. (2017). Early adolescents’ use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for social communication in 20 countries: Examining the roles of ICT-related behavioral and motivational characteristics. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 263-272. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.058

Baumeister, R. F., Zhang, L., & Vohs, K. D. (2004). Gossip as cultural learning. Review of General Psychology, 8, 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.111

Beersma, B., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). How the grapevine keeps you in line: Gossip increases contributions to the group. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 642-649. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611405073

Bertolotti, T., & Magnani, L. (2013). A philosophical and evolutionary approach to cyber-bullying: social networks and the disruption of sub-moralities. Ethics and Information Technology, 15, 285-299. doi: 10.1007/s10676-013-9324-3

Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M. J., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). Do girls manipulate and boys fight? developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 18, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:2<117::AID-AB2480180205>3.0.CO;2-3

Brady, D. L., Brown, D. J., & Liang, L. H. (2017). Moving beyond assumptions of deviance: The reconceptualization and measurement of workplace gossip. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 1-25. doi: 10.1037/apl0000164

Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M., & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79, 1185-1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x

Carrera, A., & Pelayo, N. (2002). Lenguaje y comunicación: conceptos básicos, aspectos teóricos generales, características, estructura, naturaleza, y funciones del lenguaje y de la comunicación oral y escrita. Venezuela: Los libros de El Nacional.

Chang, L., & Chen, J. V. (2014). Aligning principal and agent’s incentives: A principal agent perspective of social networking sites. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(6), 3091-3104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.10.040

Colón, Z. E. (2001). Claves para pensar lo “ciber” en la cibercultura. Designis, 30, 15-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35659/designis.i30p15-22

Coyne, S.M., Archer, J., & Eslea, M. (2006). ‘‘We’re Not Friends Anymore! Unless…’’: The Frequency and Harmfulness of Indirect, Relational, and Social Aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 294-307. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20126

Cigûenza, N. (2019, Febrero 9). Hasta siete horas puede gastar un colombiano en las redes sociales. La República. Bogotá. Recuperado de https://www.larepublica.co/internet-economy/hasta-siete-horas-puede-gastar-un-colombiano-en-las-redes-sociales-2826041

Davenport, S. W., Bergman, S. M., Bergman, J. Z., & Fearrington, M. E. (2014). Twitter versus Facebook: Exploring the role of narcissism in the motives and usage of different social media platforms. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 212-220. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.011.

Del Rey, R., Casas, J. A., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Smith, P., ... Plichta, P., (2015). Structural validation and cross-cultural robustness of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 141-147. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.065

Dunbar, R. I. M. (2004). Gossip in evolutionary perspective. Review of General Psychology, 8, 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.100

Dunbar, R. I. M., Duncan, N. D. C., & Marriott, A. (1997). Human conversational behaviour. Human Nature, 8, 231-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02912493

Eder, D., & Enke, J. L. (1991). The Structure of Gossip: Opportunities and Constraints on Collective Expression among Adolescents. American Sociological Review, 56(4), 494-508. doi: 10.2307/2096270

Eddine, H. A. I., Li, K., & Ahmad, S. (2020). Minimizing Rumor Influence in Multiplex Online Social Networks Based on Human Individual and Social Behaviors. Information Sciences, 512, 1458-1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2019.10.063

Ellison, N. B., Vitak, J., Gray, R., & Lampe, C. (2014). Cultivating Social Resources on Social Network Sites: Facebook Relationship Maintenance Behaviors and Their Role in Social Capital Processes. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(4), 855-870, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12078

Engelmann, J. M., Herrmann, E., & Tomasello, M. (2016). Preschoolers affect others' reputations through prosocial gossip. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 34, 447-460. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12143

Feinberg, M., Willer, R., & Schultz, M. (2014). Gossip and ostracism promote cooperation in groups. Psychological Science, 25, 656-664. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613510184

Foster, E. K. (2004). Research on Gossip: Taxonomy, Methods, and Future Directions. Review of General Psychology, 8, 78-99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.78

Gabriels, K., & De Backer, C. J. (2016). Virtual gossip: How gossip regulates moral life in virtual worlds. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 683-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.065

Giardini, F. (2012). Deterrence and transmission as mechanisms ensuring reliability of gossip. Cognitive Processing, 13, 465-475. doi: 10.1007/s10339-011-0421-0

Giardini, F., & Vilone, D. (2016). Evolution of gossip-based indirect reciprocity on a bipartite network. Scientific Reports, 6, 37931. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37931

Gluckman, M. (1963). Papers in honor of Melville J. Herskovits: Gossip and scandal. Current Anthropology, 4, 307-316. doi: 10.1086/200378

Goodman, M. (2000), Corporate communication: the American picture. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 5(2), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563280010372496

Grosser, T. J., Lopez-Kidwell, V., & Labianca, G. (2010). A social network analysis of positive and negative gossip in organizational life. Group & Organization Management, 35, 177-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601109360391

Hartung, F. M., & Renner, B. (2013). Social curiosity and gossip: Related but different drives of social functioning. Plos One, 8, 1-9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069996

Kapferer, J. N. (1989). Rumores: El medio de difusión más antiguo del mundo. Barcelona: Ed. Plaza y Janés

Kuttler, A. F., Parker, J. G., & La Greca, A. M. (2002). Developmental and gender differences in preadolescents' judgments of the veracity of gossip. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 48, 105-132. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2002.0008

Laghi, F., Schneider, B. H., Vitoroulis, I., Coplan, R. J., Baiocco, R., Amichai-Hamburger, & Flament, M. (2013). Knowing when not to use the Internet: Shyness and adolescents’ on-line and off-line interactions with friends. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 51-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.015

Lee, S. L., Kim, J. A., Golden, K. J., Kim, J. H., & Park, M. S. A. (2016). A Cross-Cultural Examination of SNS Usage Intensity and Managing Interpersonal Relationships Online: The Role of Culture and the Autonomous-Related Self-Construal. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00376

Lila, M., Musitu, G., & Buelga, S. (2000). Adolescentes colombianos y españoles: diferencias, similitudes y relaciones entre la socialización familiar, la autoestima y los valores. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 32, 301-319. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/805/80532203.pdf

Litman, J. A., & Pezzo, M. V. (2005). Individual differences in attitudes towards gossip. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 963-980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.003

Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Vincent, J., Mascheroni, G., & Ólafsson, K. (2014). Net Children Go Mobile: The UK Report. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.

López-Pradas, I. C., Romera, E. M., Casas, J. A., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2017). Cybergossip and cyberbullying during primary school years. Psicología Educativa, 23(2), 73-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pse.2017.05.007

Mason, K. L. (2008). Cyberbullying: A preliminary assessment for school personnel. Psychology in the Schools, 45, 323-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pits.20301.

Mascheroni, G., & Cuman, A. (2014). Net Children Go Mobile: Final report (Deliverables D6.4 & D5.2). Milano: Educatt.

Martinescu, E., Janssen, O., & Nijstad, B. A. (2014). Tell me the gossip: The self-evaluative function of receiving gossip about others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 1668-1680. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214554916

Massar, K., Buunk, A. P., & Rempt, S. (2012). Age differences in women’s tendency to gossip are mediated by their mate value. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 106-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.09.013

McAndrew, F. T. (2014). The “sword of a woman”: Gossip and female aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 196-199. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2014.04.006

McDonald, K. L., Putallaz, M., Grimes, C. L., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Coie, J. D. (2007). Girl talk: Gossip, friendship, and sociometric status. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 381-411. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2007.0017

Meneses, M. H. (2018). Grandes datos, grandes desafíos para las ciencias sociales. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 80(2), 415-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iis.01882503p.2018.2.57723

Merten, D. E. (1997). The meaning of meanness: Popularity, competition, and conflict among junior high school girls. Sociology of Education, 70, 175-191. doi:10.2307/2673207

Nevo, O., Nevo, B., & Derech-Zehavi (1993). The development of the Tendency to Gossip Questionnaire: Construct and concurrent validation for a sample of Israeli college students. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 973-981. doi: 10.1177/0013164493053004010

Noon, M., & Delbridge, R. (1993). News from behind my hand: Gossip in organizations. Organization Studies, 14, 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069301400103

Oh, H. J., Ozkaya, E., & LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction? The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behaviors, 30, 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.053

Oluwole, D. A. (2009). Spirituality, gender and age factors in cybergossip among Nigerian adolescents. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(3), 323-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0285

Perry, D. G., & Pauletti, R. E. (2011). Gender and adolescent development. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 61-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00715.x

Peter, F. (2013, Abril 23). ‘Bogus’ AP tweet about explosion at the white house wipes billions off US markets, The Telegraph, Finance/Market, Washington. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/10013768/Bogus-AP-tweet-about-explosion-at-the-White-House-wipes-billions-off-US-markets.html

Peters, K., & Kashima, Y. (2015). Bad habit or social good? How perceptions of gossiper morality are related to gossip content. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 784-798. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2123

Pietrosemoli, L. (2009). El chisme y su función en la conversación. Lengua y Habla, 13, 55-67. Recuperado de https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5119/511951369005.pdf

Reinecke, L., & Trepte, S. (2014). Authenticity and well-being on social network sites: A two-wave longitudinal study on the effects of online authenticity and the positivity bias in SNS communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.030

Romera, E. M., Cano, J. J., García-Fernandez, C. M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). Cyberbullying: social competence, motivation and peer relationships. Comunicar, 24, 71-79. https://doi.org/10.3916/C48-2016-07

Romera, E. M., Herrera-López, M., Casas, J. A., Ortega, R. & Del Rey, R. (2018). How Much Do Adolescents Cybergossip? Scale Development and Validation in Spain and Colombia. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 126. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00126

Said-Hung, E. (2014). Jóvenes vulnerables y participación móvil en Colombia: estudio sobre el grado de participación y apropiación ciudadana entre beneficiarios de programas sociales. Innovar, 24, 31-44. https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v24n52.42504

Schindler, M. P. (2003). Rumors in Financial Markets: Survey on how they evolve, spread and are traded on. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, Universidad de Zurich. Retrieved from http://pascalfroissart.online.fr/3-cache/2003-schindler.pdf

Smith P. K. (2006). Ciberacoso: naturaleza y extensión de un nuevo tipo de acoso dentro y fuera de la escuela. Trabajo presentado al Congreso Educación de Palma de Mallorca. Recuperado de https://studylib.es/doc/4921324/ciberacoso1--naturaleza-y-extensi%C3%B3n-de-un-nuevo-tipo-de-a.

Stirling, R. B. (1956). Some psychological mechanisms operative in gossip. Social Forces, 34, 262-267. https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v24n52.42504

Subramanian, M. (2013). Gossip, drama, and technology: How South Asian American young women negotiate gender on and offline. Gender and Education, 25, 311-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2012.746647

Tafarodi, R. W., & Swann, W. B. (1996). Individualism-collectivism and global self-esteem. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 651-672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022196276001

Tinoco, C. E. (2004). Dinámica del rumor y operaciones psicológicas de daño reputacional. Anales de la Universidad Metropolitana, 4(2), 155-169.

Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014.

Watson, D. C. (2012). Gender differences in gossip and friendship. Sex Roles, 67, 494-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0160-4

Wert, S. R., & Salovey, P. (2004). A social Comparison Account of Gossip. Review of General Psychology, 8, 122-137. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.122

Wu, J., Balliet, D., & Van Lange, P. A. (2016). Reputation management: Why and how gossip enhances generosity. Evolution and Human Behavior, 37(3), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.11.001

Xie, H., Cairns, B. D., & Cairns, R. B. (2005). The development of aggressive behaviors among girls: Measurement issues, social functions, and differential trajectories. In D. J. Pepler, K. C. Madsen, C. Webster, & K. S. Levene (Eds.), The development and treatment of girlhood aggression (pp. 105-136). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Yang, L., Li, Z., & Giua, A. (2020). Containment of rumor spread in complex social networks. Information Sciences, 506, 113-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2019.07.055

Detalles del artículo

Biografía del autor/a

Harvey Mauricio Herrera López, Universidad de Nariño

PhD. en Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas. Universidad de Nariño, Colombia

Eva María Romera Félix, Universidad de Córdoba, España

PhD. en Psicología. Universidad de Córdoba, España

Rosario Ortega Ruiz, Universidad de Córdoba, España

PhD. en Psicología. Universidad de Córdoba, España

Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a