ISSN: 2027-7458 | ISSN-e: 2390-0067 | DOI: 10.18566/apolit The Analecta Política journal is a scientific publication belonging to the Political Science program, which is attached to the School of Law and Political Science of the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín-Colombia. Its objective is to present research results and reflections on political theory. Likewise, articles that contribute to this field from the perspective of the history of political ideas, democratic representation, behavioral sciences linked to politics or cultural studies are accepted. It is aimed at academic and research communities interested in political science, and it promotes discussion and debate on social problems that concern those communities at the national and international levels. Keywords: political theory, political behavior, democratic representation, history of political ideas. Frequency Publications are made continuously every six months (January-June and July-December). Reception of proposals for publication closes on June 30 and December 31 of each year.
Manuel Alcántara: a veteran who continues to approach politics with clarity and composure
Interview with political scientist Manuel Alcántara, conducted as part of the lecture “Looking to the Future Without Ignoring the Past,” which Professor Alcántara presented to students in the Political Science Program on May 9, 2025, at the Teatrino 2 Convention Center at the University of Atlántico.
Lorena Alejandra Campos Barreto Campos Barreto
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El terrorismo internacional en el siglo XXI, de Porfirio Cardona Restrepo y Luis Guillermo Patiño Aristizábal (2023), Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, 143 p.
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Multilevel Governance and Regulatory Fragmentation: Towards Smart and Integrated Mobility in the Aburrá Valley
This article critically analyzes the legal, institutional, and technological barriers hindering the consolidation of an integrated mobility system in the Aburrá Valley Metropolitan Area (AMVA). Based on the conceptual framework of multilevel governance and a mixed-methods approach –including documentary analysis, semi-structured interviews with key institutional actors, and a survey of 170 public transport users– the study highlights the functional fragmentation of the system and the lack of a metropolitan authority with real competencies in transit and transport. Findings reveal gaps in technological interoperability, fare integration, institutional coordination, and financing. In response, six coordinated strategies are proposed: reform of Law 1625 of 2013, effective transfer of competencies, creation of a Metropolitan Mobility Council, a progressive fare policy, a metropolitan interoperability platform, and a regional smart mobility fund. These proposals aim to reduce territorial inequalities, guarantee the right to mobility, and promote a more efficient, evidence-based, and cooperative governance model.
Privacy, Autonomy and Practices of Freedom
Shoshana Zuboff argues that the commercial dynamics of surveillance capitalism suppress human freedom through the progressive capture of individual privacy and autonomy. In contrast, a Foucauldian reading of privacy and autonomy as ethical aspects allows for a different interpretation of the problem, while also reclaiming self-care as practice of freedom and an ethical resistance to control.
Reseña. Giraldo Ramírez, Jorge (Eds.). (2024). Uribe. Miradas a su gobierno con dos décadas de distancia. Universidad de los Andes.
Compromisos incumplidos. El gasto del Gobierno nutre la desconfianza de los colombianos, de Fernando Rojas (2025), Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Económicas, 360 p.
Corruption in South Africa:A Clear Case of Seeing is Not Believing in an African National Congress-led Government
This article examines the pervasive issue of corruption in South Africa, particularly under the leadership of the African National Congress (ANC). Despite the ANC’s historical significance in transitioning South Africa to democracy and its rhetoric on combating corruption, the reality often suggests that “seeing is not believing.” The origins of corruption in South Africa can be traced back to colonial and apartheid-era influences, with the ANC’s ascendancy to power marking a critical juncture in this narrative. However, major corruption scandals have severely undermined public trust, exemplified by the state capture during Jacob Zuma’s presidency and the Gupta family's alleged corrupt activities. The article also assesses the legal and institutional frameworks for combating corruption in South Africa. It critically evaluates the effectiveness of existing laws and regulations and highlights key challenges, including political interference, lack of transparency, and weak institutions. Proposed reforms aim to enhance the capabilities and transparency of systems, ensure fairness and sustainability, re-establish investigative and prosecutive capabilities, and explore options in civil law and administrative sanctions. It scrutinises the ANC’s approach to corruption, questioning whether their actions align with their commitments and reflecting on the role of the Zondo Commission in promoting accountability. In conclusion, the article underscores the pressing need to combat corruption in the interest of South Africa's future and advocates for ongoing efforts to rebuild public trust and integrity. It emphasises that mere visibility of corruption does not equate to belief in the government’s commitment to tackle it, thus highlighting the necessity for concrete actions beyond rhetoric.
Public Opinion and Legitimacy: An Approach to Colombian Democracy
The article examines the phenomenon of public opinion from the perspective of political communication, which requires preparation and study, so that future politicians and active, participating citizens do not contribute to the constant sensationalization of public expression, thereby undermining legitimacy. This is within the framework of Colombian democracy, as a model that must be strengthened for the functioning of institutions, politics, and the legal system. Thus, the text proposes that public opinion in Colombian democracy has an effect on legitimacy and is part of a process that, when studied, makes visible the challenges that citizens and institutions face with regard to digital content and its processing, as a way of building public opinion that is less malleable to actions that condition or distort reality.
Ideology on Trial. Attitudes toward Sexual Politics among Latin American Legislators
This paper examines Latin American legislators' attitudes toward sexuality politics. Utilizing comprehensive PELA-USAL survey data collected from 17 countries, the analysis focuses on three critical dimensions: gender equality, reproductive rights, and LGBT+ issues. The findings reveal that left-right ideological divisions remain the primary drivers of support for gender equality and reproductive rights policies, with state-market preferences playing a secondary but noteworthy role. Religion proves to be a significant factor, as Evangelicals consistently oppose such measures, while Catholic legislators exhibit a broader and more varied ideological range. Female legislators emerge as key and prominent advocates for these causes, and younger cohorts show stronger support for LGBT+ rights, clearly reflecting generational shifts in perspectives. By analyzing the interplay of cultural, economic, and ideological influences, this study sheds valuable light on the hybrid nature of sexuality politics, which transcends traditional ideological boundaries and redefines political discourse in Latin America.
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An Essay on the Modeling of Apparent Consensus Decision-Making within PublicInstitutions
This paper seeks to develop a formal model of deliberation channels within specialist committees in two public institutions in Peru: the Ombudsman’s Office (DP) and the National Office of Electoral Processes (ONPE). It examines how uncertainty is shaped through internal deliberations and how the professional incentives of committee members generate mutual interdependence. These actors pursue public policy proposals aligned with both their political and technical preferences. These preferences are interpreted by the setters –strategic actors within the committees– who synthesize the concentric consensus reached to propose initiatives for state action. The greater the value of such initiatives within the committee, the lower the uncertainty about political support, and the higher the likelihood of policy success. The article explores the occurrence of the Apparent Consensus Decision (ACD) phenomenon, in which the setter concludes the deliberation by articulating a decision that no specialist explicitly opposes.
Inter-institutional Collaboration between the National Police and Municipal Administration Entities of Manizales as a Strategy for Crime Prevention
This article reports on the research conducted by the Alejandro Gutiérrez Police Academy group, whose main objective is to analyze how to innovate police services for crime prevention through inter-institutional collaboration between the National Police and various entities operating in the city of Manizales. The methodological approach followed a mixed-methods design with a hypothetical-deductive scope, involving the participation of representatives from the National Police and municipal authorities, semi-structured interview techniques for information gathering, and document review. The main findings indicate that both members of the National Police and representatives of the municipal administration recognize the importance and necessity of coordinated work with local authorities to fulfill their mission, particularly with regard to the implementation of strategies and measures aimed at combating and preventing crime. In Manizales, there have been successful experiences when the National Police and the different municipal entities work together; however, it remains necessary to continue strengthening and reinforcing this collaborative work. Inter-institutional work (between the National Police and municipal administration entities) has the greatest impact on crime prevention, and it should involve pedagogical processes with different age groups and in various community settings, with the aim of training and raising awareness among different population groups.
Elecciones: Colombia en las urnas en 2022
El libro ofrece una lectura variada desde distintas orillas disciplinares, para entender las elecciones colombianas en 2022 y el escenario político del momento, el cual tuvo un cambio que, como bien lo plantea Romero (2024) en la introducción de la obra, “no surgió de improviso. Tuvo un terreno largo de preparación, que refleja algunas de las transformaciones recientes de Colombia” (p. 10). En total, se incluyen nueve capítulos, agrupados en tres bloques temáticos, a saber: I) Perspectivas generales; II) Elecciones para Congreso, y III) Elecciones presidenciales. Los capítulos fueron redactados por 15 autores, entre politólogos, historiadores, filósofos, comunicadores sociales, abogados, entre otros, quienes fueron motivados a aportar a la comprensión de la coyuntura electoral arraigada en las profundas estructuras políticas, económicas y sociales del país. Esto permitió que en 2002 fuera elegido por primera vez en la historia de Colombia un presidente de izquierda y abrió las puertas a una amplia presencia de su coalición política, el Pacto Histórico, en el Congreso a partir del mismo año.
Community development and schools. Conflict, power y promise
En el texto se explora el reto democrático al que se enfrenta la incorporación de otras voces, otras organizaciones y el Gobierno local a una política de desarrollo comunitario más amplia, y se reconoce el impacto que generan en las escuelas y la comunidad los cambios demográficos, la crisis por la pandemia Covid-19 y los incentivos y exenciones fiscales. Para ello, el texto se estructura en cuatro partes (nueve capítulos): la introducción, las conclusiones y las dos intermedias, que se relacionan con el marco de Good (2022) en cuatro dimensiones: social, institucional, económica y física, con el objetivo de vincular el desarrollo comunitario con las escuelas.
Inequality in Land Ownership, Access to Property, and Rural Development: The Agrarian Problem in Colombia
This article examines the agrarian problem in Colombia from a structuralist methodology, focusing on inequality in land distribution and its implications for rural development. Through historical and statistical analysis, it seeks to understand how the concentration of land in the hands of landowners, favored by technological advancements and access to resources, has widened the gap in the agricultural sector, further marginalizing and limiting the development of the Colombian peasantry.
The Three Triads of Norberto Bobbio: Coordinates of His Thought and Works
Field of Knowledge: Political Science. Objective: To present a profile of Norberto Bobbio's life and the thematic, methodological, and political orientations of his work as a philosopher and political scientist. Methodology: A review article on the life and work of the Italian philosopher and political scientist. It is based on the systematization and analysis of biographical articles, his autobiographical books, his numerous articles and books, and the works of his critics. A general overview was created of his contributions, methodological orientations, and positions on central problems of philosophy and political science. Result: The body of his work, methodology, and conception of society are presented through three triads: one covering the fields of knowledge in his work (philosophy of law, political philosophy, and political science), another addressing his methodological aspects (conceptual elucidation, the use of dichotomies, and his epistemological realism), and the third focusing on his conception of society (liberalism, socialism, and political realism). Conclusion: The analysis of these three dimensions highlights the significant impact of the Italian thinker’s ideas and works, particularly in political science.
From Performance Measurement Systems to Performance Management Systems in Local Public Administration: Did Colombia Make the Transition?
This article examines the transition of local governments in Colombia from performance measurement to performance management as an instrument for managing intergovernmental relations. The implementation of monitoring and evaluation schemes based on indices to categorize and measure municipal performance was an expression of managerial reforms and the deepening of decentralization since the 1980s. These changes initially focused on measurement and later on fiscal sustainability control. After more than two decades of implementation, progress has been made in measuring local fiscal and administrative capacities. However, much remains to be done, such as understanding coercive capacities and achieving support processes that enable sustainable improvements in management and a more equitable provision of public goods across the territory.
Measuring Everything to Keep Everything the Same: The Scope of Local Government Performance Measurement Schemes in Latin America
This article seeks to understand the scope of performance measurement schemes for local governments in Latin America, which emerged in the 1990s and aim to become performance measurement systems. The article places special emphasis on performance measurement schemes that regulate intergovernmental relations in the region. Understanding the scope of these schemes involves revealing the conceptual basis that guided their design and implementation, their typologies, and their attention to measuring state capacities (administrative, extractive, and coercive). The impetus provided by New Public Management to these performance measurement schemes disappeared with the reforms of progressive governments. However, the schemes persisted in their measurement dimension, aiming to compare and differentiate government results in a more or less objective manner. The pending task lies in measuring to support and achieve effective improvements in local management.
The context of structural violence in Colombia from the perspective of power struggles
This article analyses how the country's economic and political context leads to two conditions that have historically shaped violence in Colombia. To this end, qualitative research was carried out combining documentary analysis with a deductive approach, which allowed us to discover that the two structural conditions of historical violence in Colombia are: on the one hand, intolerance of political differences and, on the other, economic inequality. These conditions have been combined in the last three decades with two conjunctural processes, drug trafficking and the political-military conflict in Colombia, this being a problem in which contextual and historical confluences are evident in the background of the disputes for power. Although these conjunctural processes are associated with direct violence, the two conditions mentioned above configure another type of violence, called structural violence, which demands attention from the governments of the present decade.
Anime as a Possibility for Public Policy in the Japanese Government
This reflective article seeks to explore and interpret potential connections and relationships between a possible public policy in Japan and the production of anime (Japanese animation). Based on these findings, it suggests the existence of a public policy in Japan aimed at promoting social practices rooted in digital technology, with the objective of improving overall health and educational quality among the population, using anime as a means of implementation. The findings, derived from documentary analysis and audiovisual research, highlight the need to reconsider potential public policy through the triad of health, education, and digital technology. These elements allow for a rethinking of Westernestablished concepts about this trio, presenting a new perspective on state design and action that integrates these components with greater awareness of citizens' daily practices.
A review of the New Public Service model with knowledge management and cultural intelligence
After the pandemic and the onset of wars, the economic crisis underscores the importance of integrating society into the relationship between state and market to enhance government action. To overcome this crisis, it is essential to understand that the effectiveness of public policies relies on shared governance, starting from the creation of a culture of knowledge and solution sharing with society, the private sector, the third sector, academia, international organizations, and evolved and developed countries. This paper not only reviews the literature on corruption, popular participation, knowledge management, and cultural intelligence but also presents the New Public Service (NPS) model as a foundation for a qualified popular participation model to reduce corruption, which several researchers attribute to the current New Public Management (NPM) model. This model illustrates that shared knowledge and solutions with society and other countries have the potential to transform national culture, thereby reducing corruption and enhancing the effectiveness of public administration projects.
Local Disasters to Global Solutions: Social Perception of Risk in Global Catastrophic Risk (GCR) Management
Global Catastrophic Risks (GCRs) pose an urgent threat to humanity with the potential to impact on a global scale and endanger the continuity of civilization. Despite their severity, investment in mitigating these risks remains limited due to factors such as competition for resources and subjective perceptions of these risks by communities and decision-makers. This article examines the crucial role of social perception of risk in managing GCRs, noting that communities assess and respond to risks subjectively, influenced by cultural, social and historical factors. It argues that understanding this subjective dimension can improve GCR management and reduce their impact. To this end, three case studies are analyzed to illustrate how social perception of risk has influenced risk management at a smaller scale, considering factors such as international coordination, State policies and expert knowledge. Finally, the article explores the benefits of scaling up and incorporating this perspective into larger-scale risks, including better decision-making, greater community resilience and better identification of management measures.
Consideraciones en torno a la reforma a la justicia en Colombia
¿Por qué hay que reformar la justicia? Porque únicamente se puede concebir la paz y la seguridad ciudadana, el progreso del pueblo, su bienestar y su inclusión en un mundo globalizado y su triunfo frente a la corrupción, a través de una justicia sólida, autónoma e independiente, plural, solidaria, organizada, limpia, moderna, cumplida, en coherencia con el contexto de los justiciables y con las exigencias del tráfico contemporáneo.
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Después del Acuerdo ¿Cómo va la paz en Colombia? es el primer volumen publicado por la Universidad de Los Andes, en el que, a partir de una compilación de veinticinco capítulos, se discuten temas relacionados con el Acuerdo de Paz firmado entre el Estado colombiano y la antigua guerrilla de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia- Ejército Popular (FARC-EP), al igual que la implementación, méritos y desafíos que tiene por delante el proceso. Esta obra académica consta de tres bloques: (i) Actores en la construcción de paz; (ii) Justicia transicional; y (iii) Retos y posibilidades del posconflicto; articulados, a su vez, por diez, ocho y siete capítulos respectivamente. En total, participan cincuenta y ocho autores, estudiosos de la construcción de paz en Colombia, mediante la publicación de resultados de investigación, desde disciplinas como el derecho, la ciencia política, la antropología, la comunicación social, entre otras, para dar cuenta de varias dimensiones del Acuerdo de Paz.
Systematic review of taxonomies of risks associated with Artificial Intelligence
This article performs a systematic review of thirty-six taxonomies of risks associated with Artificial Intelligence (AI) that have been conducted from 2010 to date, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol as a methodology. The study is based on the importance of these to structure risk research and to distinguish and define threats. This makes it possible to identify the issues that are of greatest concern and therefore require better governance. Three conclusions can be drawn from the research. First, it is observed that most studies focus on threats such as privacy and disinformation, possibly due to their concreteness and existing empirical evidence. In contrast, threats such as cyberattacks and the development of strategic technologies are less cited, despite their increasing relevance. Second, we find that articles focused on the origin of risk tend to consider more frequently extreme risks compared to papers addressing consequences. This suggests that the literature has been able to identify the potential causes of a catastrophe, but not the concrete ways in which it may materialize in practice. Finally, there is some division between those articles that deal with present tangible damage and those that cover potential future damage. Nevertheless, several threats are addressed in the majority of articles across the spectrum indicating that there are commonalities between clusters.
Public Service and Administrative Decentralization: A Perspective Arising from the State of Emergency Declared Amid the Pandemic in Colombia
Through the constitutional foundations of public service and administrative decentralization, it is essential to understand that the activities carried out by the State, according to Article 209 of the Constitution, must revolve around the fulfillment of the general interests of the community. In this sense, the central objective of this study seeks to analyze the challenges faced by the current constitutionalism in Colombia amid the covid-19 pandemic. This is addressed through various decisions of the national government, which may eventually collide with the autonomy enjoyed by decentralized entities. To address the stated objective, a qualitative method with a hermeneutical approach is used, based on the analysis and study of regulations and jurisprudence. Among the conclusions, it is important to note that the potential imbalance of powers has been addressed. Through the principle of coordination, dialogue scenarios have been strengthened among different sectors and levels of public administration, thus promoting the implementation of a bottom-up approach, whereby, thanks to dialogue and conversation with communities, a deeper understanding of social reality can be achieved, enabling informed decision-making based on updated information. This approach allows anticipation of the future within a governance model.
Does Türkiye Need a New Political Culture? Comparative Analysis of Political Culture of the United Kingdom and Türkiye
This article uses a comparative method to examine the political perspectives of the United Kingdom (UK) and Türkiye, focusing on their cultural structures. The study hypothesizes that Türkiye has a political culture shaped by social polarization caused by a lack of tolerance. It also aims to compare the political cultures of the UK, which is seen as a democratic-stable and harmonious society, and Türkiye, which is characterized by conflict rather than compromise, addressing the question of possible transfers for Türkiye in this field. In order to test the hypothesis, around 30 reputable national and international current reports/research that provide significant data in the areas selected as cases in this paper were analyzed. The findings suggest that deficiencies such as freedom and fundamental rights in Turkish political culture affect lifestyles and tolerance towards diversity. It can be said that this situation damages social integrity.
Cordons Sanitaires Against Authoritarian Reversals: Analysis of the Concept and Its Effects in the Case of Thuringia (2019/2020)
This work aims to analyze the role of cordons sanitaires as a strategy to curb authoritarian reversals within democratic systems. To achieve this, the paper, after providing a brief review of conceptual discussions on cordons sanitaires, will present its own conceptualization. Subsequently, it will apply this conceptualization to a specific case (Thuringia, Germany, 2019/2020) and finally, engage in a discussion about the effects of cordons sanitaires. The central objective of this work is to discuss a conceptual approach to the phenomenon and exploratively analyze its possible application. Additionally, it seeks to outline a subsequent research agenda around two questions: Can the application of cordons sanitaires be a useful strategy to curb authoritarian reversals? Can these cordons sanitaires be contradictory to the democratic regime?
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Reconstruction of the Historical Memory of the Case Occurred in the Municipality of Anserma, Caldas, in the Year 2003
This work constitutes the recovery of the historical memory of the events that took place in the municipality of Anserma, Caldas, in the year 2003, as a result of an action by the guerrilla group known as the extinct Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-People's Army (Farc-Ep). The document describes the previous context, as well as what happened during the events in the mentioned municipality, and then indicates some of the impacts on the members of the National Police, their families, and the inhabitants of the town. The methodological process was framed within a qualitative paradigm based on a case study. Using a descriptive-interpretative study, the defined method was inductive, with an emphasis on socio-juridical aspects. Among the information collection instruments are documentary and normative review, semi-structured interviews, analytical summaries, and the interview guide, as applicable to the case. The results highlight the reconstruction of the events from the voices of the victims, the identification of some of the impacts that stemmed from the guerrilla attack in which six policemen and a soldier were killed, along with others injured. At the same time, it brings to light the effects on the physical and mental health of the uniformed individuals and their families as victims of the armed conflict.
Política y Derecho. Autores contemporáneos
El texto aborda el campo de los estudios políticos y jurídicos para comprender el desarrollo, las luchas, las victorias, las conquistas y los fracasos humanos de la compleja realidad social, a través del estudio y seguimiento de algunos autores contemporáneos, sus elaboraciones y las escuelas de pensamiento más representativas en la materia. No se busca distinguir y conceptualizar separadamente las nociones de política y derecho, sino explicar las relaciones de incidencia mutua y el relacionamiento recíproco determinante entre el poder político y las normas jurídicas como objetos de estudio de cada área; para trascender hacia el análisis de las problemáticas sociales y culturales que suponen las ideas correlacionadas entre la ética-política del poder y lo jurídico-institucional de la justicia.
Dossier Discurso y Política: aproximaciones desde América Latina
Estimado lector, el presente dosier recoge investigaciones enmarcadas en el Análisis del Discurso Político (ADP) provenientes de actividades académicas en las que participan los miembros (México, Argentina, Brasil y Colombia) de algunas de las distintas delegaciones de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Estudios del Discurso (ALED). Como es ampliamente conocido, por lo menos dentro de la cultura occidental, desde los antiguos griegos se reconocía que, independientemente de los sentidos en los cuales se pueda entender lo político, no se puede llevar a cabo dicha actividad sin el uso del lenguaje. Por consiguiente, el dosier estuvo pensado, por un lado, como una contribución desde las ciencias del lenguaje a tópicos políticos concretos; y, por el otro, con la finalidad de mostrar la utilidad que tiene para un analista de lo político, y de áreas afines, todo el instrumental teórico y metodológico del que nos provee dicha disciplina.
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